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Mapa de los sistemas sociales en Europa

El otro día leyendo el Economist me llamó la atención un artículo que aludía a un estudio sobre los modelos sociales de los diferentes países de la EU y que resulta muy interesante.

Se trata de un estudio del think-tank belga Bruegel (por el pintor de Flandes del siglo XVI) que plantea que, pese a que comunmente se habla de un “modelo social europeo”, la realidad es que existen grandes diferencias entre unos países y otros.

Para ilustrarlo construye la clásica matriz 2*2 ordenando según tasa de desempleo (eficiencia) y ratio pobreza (equidad)

Low                             High               <  EQUITY      EFFICIENCY  V

“Continentals”            “Nordics“                             High

(BE, DE, FR, LU)             (AT, DK, FI, NL, SE)

“Mediterraneans”      “Anglo-Saxons”                   Low

(ES, GR, IT)                   (IE, PT, UK)

-
Los Mediterraneos (España, Italia y Grecia)
Alto paro y niveles de pobreza relativamente altos – según el artículo las legislación encarece el despido y con ello dificulta el empleo, mientras que el gasto social está volcado en las pensiones sin atajar completamente los problemas de equidad y que existe un bajo nivel de formación secundaria en las edades 25-64.

Los Anglo-Sajones (UK, Irlanda y sorprendentemente Portugal)
Sistemas que favorecen el empleo con un buen funcionamiento, mientras que el apoyo social es bajo mediante facilitando unos impuestos bajos (trade-off impuestos-gasto social).

Los Continentales (Alemania, Francia, Bélgica y Luxemburgo)
Sistemas sociales muy completos, pero legislación del despido desfavorece el empleo.

Los Nordicos (Suecia, Finlandia, Austria, Dinamarca y Holanda)
El paradigma del sistema social, consiguen tanto una eficiencia muy importante como un bajo desempleo.

Como ejemplo de los nórdicos (el potencial ejemplo a seguir) pone a Dinamarca que con su filosofía de “Flexicurity” (flexibilidad y seguridad laboral) ha conseguido un mercado de trabajo en el que resulta sencillo despedir a alguien, pero que ofrece seguridad y facilidades para reincorporarse al mercado de trabajo sin que suponga un grave problema, consiguiendo así lo mejor de los 2 mundos.

Sería fantástico si nuestros políticos se dejasen de medidas de relleno/florituras poco productivas e incorporasen estos “insights” en sus programas para ayudar a la economía española a ser más efeciente y competitiva y finalmente social para todos. El árticulo advierte que los costes políticos que tendrían que asumir los políticos en el corto plazo pueden hacer de freno a las reformas. Esperemos que la inevitable crisis sirva de catalizador y el Gobierno decida actuar (“from lost to the river”)…

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